Then, there is a relative silent period until even if the names of Kontaktneurosen or social neurosis are punctually mentioned in british and german literatures, and if Morita, in Japan, has taken an interest in social anxiety around Several structured interview schedules or self-rating scales have been proposed for assessment of social phobia, such as Liebowitz or Davidson scales, but at present no one instrument has demonstrated superiority and the use of a battery of several scales is recommended.
Moreover, some diagnostic issues are not yet completely solved, in particular concerning the validity of different subtypes of social phobia. Further, the term worry souci; Sorge in DSM-5 adds an additional nuance by referring to the cognitive aspects of apprehensive expectation. Anxiety is a normal emotion. From an evolutionary viewpoint, it is adaptive since it promotes survival by inciting persons to steer clear of perilous places.
Since the 20 th century, anxiety has also been a disorder in psychiatric classifications. The clinical threshold between normal adaptive anxiety in everyday life and distressing pathological anxiety requiring treatment is subject to clinical judgment. It has often been written that the history of anxiety disorders is recent. It has been repeated that anxiety; like schizophrenia, was hardly known as an illness before the 19 th century.
In contrast, mood disorders, with melancholia foremost, can boast historical roots going back to classical antiquity. However, it may not be quite true that anxiety is a relatively recent construct.
There are indications that anxiety was clearly identified as a distinct negative affect and as a separate disorder by Greco-Roman philosophers and physicians. In addition, ancient philosophy suggested treatments for anxiety that are not too far removed from today's cognitive approaches.
The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of Greek medical texts attributed to Hippocrates c BC to c AD , or written in his name by his disciples. Whenever he heard the voice of the flute begin to play at a symposium, masses of terrors rose up. He said that he could hardly bear it when it was night, but if he heard it in the daytime he was not affected.
Such symptoms persisted over a long period of time. Latin Stoic philosophical writings, such as the treatises of Cicero and Seneca, prefigure many modern views concerning the clinical features and the cognitive treatment of anxiety. In the Tusculan Disputations TD , Cicero BC to 43 BC wrote that affliction molestia , worry sollicitudo , and anxiety angor are called disorders aegritudo , on account of the analogy between a troubled mind and a diseased body.
TD, Book III, X 4 This text shows that anxious affect is distinguished from sadness; also, anxiety is defined as a medical illness aegritudo. The Latin word aegritudo is the usual word for illness in medical textbooks.
At the time of Cicero, Roman authors were creating new terms for philosophical and medical concepts, and referred to the original Greek words to define these neologisms. Cicero makes an interesting distinction between anxietas that designates trait anxiety or the fact of being prone to anxiousness, and angor that refers to state anxiety or current anxiety TD, Book IV, XII.
Greek and Latin literature indicate means to identify pathological anxiety and to free oneself from its effects. The TD, written by Cicero after the death of his daughter Tullia in childbed, is a plea for Stoicism, a branch of philosophy that is one of the pillars of today's cognitive therapy. One should note that euthymia is used in the context of mood rather than anxiety in modern psychiatry.
According to Seneca, fear of death is the main cognition preventing us from enjoying a carefree life DTA, chapter One way to escape from the clutch of anxiety is to devote one's attention to the present instead of worrying about the future.
Even though Stoics and Epicureans were viewed as competing philosophical schools, they offered similar advice about the means to get rid of anxiety.
One path to ataraxia was to get rid of negative cognitions about the past and of fears about the future, since the only existing reality is the present moment. Epicurius' writings have been largely lost but his teaching survived through his Latin disciple, Lucretius, who wrote a very poetic book, De natura rerum DNR - The Nature of Things.
This book was rediscovered in 11 and the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne to owned an annotated copy. The word anxiety derives from the Latin substantive angor and the corresponding verb ango to constrict. A cognate word is angustus narrow. Interestingly, the same relationship between the idea of narrowness and anxiety is attested in Biblical Hebrew. Sometimes, the two terms are considered synonymous by some authors. More frequently, a nuance is established: anxiety designates a psychological feeling whereas anguish designates the somatic experience.
In other Romance languages, as in French, anxiety and anguish may be considered more or less synonymous by some authors; if other authors do find a nuance, anxiety then bears the connotation of psychological worry whereas anguish implies a somatic feeling of constriction.
Between classical antiquity and modem psychiatry, there was an interval of centuries when the concept of anxiety as an illness seems to have disappeared from written records. Patients with anxiety did exist, but they were diagnosed with other diagnostic terms. The last and most successful of these new diagnoses was Beard's neurasthenia. In , Robert Burton published his treatise The Anatomy of Melancholy, an encyclopedic review of the literature from Antiquity up until the 17 th century.
As explained by Allan W. Horwitz, 20 Burton's work is generally quoted in the context of depression. However, Burton was also concerned with anxiety. At that time, the meaning of melancholia was not limited to depression but encompassed anxiety. Generally, the diagnosis of melancholia could be applied to a variety of clinical pictures with negative affect or internalizing symptoms. A key criterion of melancholia was the fact that the patient would remain quiet; an agitated patient qualified for a diagnosis of mania, in Greek, or furor, in Latin.
For Burton, fear and sorrow were intimately linked. In the 18 th century, medical authors published clinical descriptions of panic attacks, but they did not label them as a separate illness. In: Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. Schneier FR. Social anxiety disorder in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis.
Accessed April 8, Stein MB, et al. Approach to treating social anxiety disorder in adults. Hofmann SG. Psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder in adults. Stein MB. Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder in adults. Bystritsky A. Complementary and alternative treatments for anxiety symptoms and disorders: Herbs and medications.
Complementary and alternative treatments for anxiety symptoms and disorders: Physical, cognitive, and spiritual interventions. Social anxiety disorder: More than just shyness. National Institute of Mental Health. Natural medicines in the clinical management of anxiety. Natural Medicines. Sawchuk CN expert opinion. Mayo Clinic. April 29, Anxiety disorders. Mayo Clinic; There's no way to predict what will cause someone to develop an anxiety disorder, but you can take steps to reduce the impact of symptoms if you're anxious:.
Social anxiety disorder social phobia care at Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version.
Overview It's normal to feel nervous in some social situations. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Share on: Facebook Twitter. Show references Social anxiety disorder social phobia. American Psychiatric Association; Accessed May 21, Gabbard GO, ed. Social anxiety disorder social phobia.
In: Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. Schneier FR. Social anxiety disorder in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis.
0コメント