Fruits and vegetables provide vital nutrients and antioxidants, and a calcium-rich diet helps maintain strong bones. Protein from fish, lean meat, beans, nuts and reduced-fat dairy is also important.
Discuss how to best meet your nutrition needs with your health care provider. Janet Renee is a clinical dietitian with a special interest in weight management, sports dietetics, medical nutrition therapy and diet trends. She earned her Master of Science in nutrition from the University of Chicago and has contributed to health and wellness magazines, including Prevention, Self, Shape and Cooking Light.
What Is a Nutrition Screening Initiative? Healthy Eating Nutrition Nutrition in Foods. By Janet Renee. Remember : You can use the label to support your personal dietary needs—choose foods that contain more of the nutrients you want to get more of and less of the nutrients you may want to limit.
The Daily Values are reference amounts expressed in grams, milligrams, or micrograms of nutrients to consume or not to exceed each day.
It can tell you if a serving of food is high or low in a nutrient and whether a serving of the food contributes a lot, or a little, to your daily diet for each nutrient. Example : Look at the amount of sodium in one serving listed on the sample nutrition label.
There is no need to memorize definitions. You don't have to give up a favorite food to eat a healthy diet. When a food you like is high in saturated fat, balance it with foods that are low in saturated fat at other times of the day. If you follow this dietary advice, you will stay within public health experts' recommended upper or lower limits for the nutrients listed, based on a 2,calorie daily diet.
Upper limit means it is recommended that you stay below or eat "less than" the Daily Value nutrient amounts listed per day. For example, the DV for saturated fat is 20g. What is the goal or dietary advice? This means it is recommended that you eat "at least" this amount of dietary fiber on most days. Trans Fat: Experts could not provide a reference value for trans fat nor any other information that FDA believes is sufficient to establish a Daily Value.
Note: most uses of artificial trans fat in the U. Current scientific evidence indicates that protein intake is not a public health concern for adults and children over 4 years of age in the United States.
Total Sugars: No Daily Reference Value has been established for Total Sugars because no recommendations have been made for the total amount to eat in a day. Keep in mind that the Total Sugars listed on the Nutrition Facts label include naturally occurring sugars like those in fruit and milk as well as Added Sugars.
Many Nutrition Facts labels on the market will be formatted in the same way as the lasagna label that has been used as an example throughout this page, but there are other formats of the label that food manufacturers are permitted to use. This final section will present two alternate formats: the dual-column label and the single-ingredient sugar label.
In addition to dual-column labeling and single-ingredient sugar labels, there are other label formats which you can explore here. For example, a bag of pretzels with 3 servings per container might have a label that looks like this to show you how many calories and other nutrients would be in one serving and in one package 3 servings. Figure 5. In adults and children over two years a beam balance is used and the measurement is also to the nearest 0.
In both cases a digital electronic scale can be used if you have one available. Do not forget to re-adjust the scale to zero before each weighing. You also need to check whether your scale is measuring correctly by weighing an object of known weight.
In Figure 5. The photo in Figure 5. Sometimes you will have to improvise. For example in the field set up, it is difficult to measure very young children who cannot sit by themselves using the weighing pant attached to the scale.
In addition, some children panic during the measurement and urinate, making the pant dirty. Therefore, mothers or caregivers may not be happy to let their children be measured in such a manner. The weighing scale with the pant can be improvised by using a plastic washing-basin which is attached to the Salter Scale and adjusting the reading to zero. You need to ensure the basin is as close to the ground as possible in case the child falls out, and to make the child feel secure during weighing.
If the basin is dirty, then you need to clean it with a disinfectant. This is a much more comfortable and reassuring weighing method for the child and you can use it for ill children much more easily than the approaches described above. The head circumference HC is the measurement of the head along the supra orbital ridge forehead anteriorly and occipital prominence the prominent area on the back part of the head posteriorly.
It is measured to the nearest millimetre using flexible, non-stretchable measuring tape around 0. HC is useful in assessing chronic nutritional problems in children under two years old as the brain grows faster during the first two years of life. But after two years the growth of the brain is more sluggish and HC is not useful.
In Ethiopia, HC is measured at birth for all newborn babies. Now you have looked at how to take different measurements you are going to learn how the measurements are converted into different indices. The following are a few indices that you may find useful in your work:. Weight-for-age is an index used in growth monitoring for assessing children who may be underweight. You assess weight-for-age of all children under two years old when you carry out your community-based nutrition CBN activities every month.
Height-for age is an index used for assessing stunting chronic malnutrition in children. Stunted children have poor physical and intellectual performance and lower work output leading to lower productivity at individual level and poor socioeconomic development at the community level.
Stunting of children in a given population indicates the fact that the children have suffered from chronic malnutrition so much so that it has affected their linear growth. Stunting is defined as a low height for age of the child compared to the standard child of the same age.
Stunted children have decreased mental and physical productivity capacity. Weight-for- height is an index used for assessing wasting acute malnutrition. Wasting is defined as a low weight for the height of the child compared to the standard child of the same height.
Wasted children are vulnerable to infection and stand a greater chance of dying. You have read that there are a number of ways that stunted children are at a disadvantage, even into their adult lives. They have poor physical and intellectual performance and are more likely to have a lower work output. This means that not only are they less productive at individual level, there are also poor socioeconomic outcomes at the population level.
An indicator is an index for example, a scale showing weight for age, or weight for height combined with specific cut-off values that help you determine whether a child is underweight or malnourished; for example, a child whose weight for age, or weight for height, falls below the cut-off values shown in Table 5. You will be able to use anthropometric indicators to assess nutritional status, to evaluate the effects of interventions, to admit children to an intervention treatment programme and to discharge them from a programme.
These indicators are therefore very important and knowing how to use them will help you plan effective nutrition interventions. Table 5. The growth chart in each Health Post and on the child health card will help you assess whether a child is underweight. If one of these signs is detected, the child is suffering from SAM. In assessing body composition fat content the body is considered to be made up of two compartments: the fat mass and the fat free mass.
Therefore different measurements are used to assess these two compartments. As you read earlier Body Mass Index BMI is the weight of a person in kilograms divided by their height in metres squared.
A non-pregnant adult is considered to have a normal BMI when it falls between In addition they will be at increased risk of infection due to impaired immunity.
Risk of mortality and morbidity is related to the nutritional status as assessed by the BMI. If people are too fat or too thin their health suffers. The risk of mortality and morbidity increases with a decrease in the BMI.
The relationship between BMI and risk of morbidity and mortality is shown in Figure 5. The risk of mortality and morbidity increases with a decrease in the body mass index. The MUAC is the circumference of the upper arm at the midway between the shoulder tip and the elbow tip on the left arm. The mid-arm point is determined by measuring the distance from the shoulder tip to the elbow and dividing it by two. A low reading indicates a loss of muscle mass.
MUAC is the only anthropometric measure for assessing nutritional status among pregnant women. It is also very simple for use in screening a large number of people, especially during community level screening for community-based nutrition interventions or during emergency situations. MUAC is therefore used as a screening tool for community based nutrition programmes such as an outpatient therapeutic programme OTP , for community-based interventions, supplementary feeding programmes and enhanced outreach programmes throughout Ethiopia.
The tape has three colours, with the red indicating severe acute malnutrition, the yellow indicating moderate acute malnutrition and the green indicating normal nutritional status.
There are a number of reasons. For pregnant women it is the only anthropometric measure that can give an accurate reading of their malnutrition status.
Also, because MUAC can be measured quickly and easily, it is also used when screening large numbers of children and adults.
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