Strenuous exercise, such as running a marathon, can also cause blood in the urine. White blood cells may be a sign of infection or kidney disease. Some types of kidney disease can cause plugs of material called casts to form in tiny tubes in the kidneys.
The casts then get flushed out in the urine. Casts can be made of red or white blood cells, waxy or fatty substances, or protein. The type of cast in the urine can help show what type of kidney disease may be present.
Healthy people often have only a few crystals in their urine. A large number of crystals, or certain types of crystals, may mean kidney stones are present or there is a problem with how the body is using food metabolism. Bacteria, yeast cells, or parasites. There are no bacteria, yeast cells, or parasites in urine normally.
If these are present, it can mean you have an infection. Squamous cells. Symptoms of a urine infection may include coloured or bad-smelling urine, pain when urinating, finding it hard to urinate, flank pain, blood in the urine hematuria , or fever.
To check the treatment of conditions such as diabetes, kidney stones, a urinary tract infection UTI , high blood pressure hypertension , or some kidney or liver diseases. As part of a regular physical examination. How To Prepare Do not eat foods that can colour the urine, such as blackberries, beets, and rhubarb, before the test.
How It Is Done A routine urine test can be done in your doctor's office, clinic, or lab. Clean-catch midstream one-time urine collection Wash your hands to make sure they are clean before collecting the urine. If the collection cup has a lid, remove it carefully and set it down with the inner surface up.
Do not touch the inside of the cup with your fingers. Clean the area around your genitals. A man should retract the foreskin, if present, and clean the head of his penis with medicated towelettes or swabs. A woman should spread open the genital folds of skin with one hand.
Then she can use her other hand to clean the area around the urethra with medicated towelettes or swabs. She should wipe the area from front to back so bacteria from the anus is not wiped across the urethra. Begin urinating into the toilet or urinal. A woman should hold apart the genital folds of skin while she urinates. After the urine has flowed for several seconds, place the collection cup into the urine stream and collect about 60 mL 2 fl oz of this "midstream" urine without stopping your flow of urine.
Do not touch the rim of the cup to your genital area. Do not get toilet paper, pubic hair, stool feces , menstrual blood, or anything else in the urine sample. Finish urinating into the toilet or urinal. Carefully replace and tighten the lid on the cup, and then return it to the lab. Double-voided urine sample collection This method collects the urine your body is making right now.
Urinate into the toilet or urinal. Do not collect any of this urine. Drink a large glass of water, and wait about 30 to 40 minutes. Then get a urine sample. Follow the instructions above for collecting a clean-catch urine sample. The collection period usually starts in the morning. When you first get up, urinate—but don't save this urine. Write down the time that you urinated to mark the beginning of your hour collection period.
For the next 24 hours, collect all your urine. Your doctor will usually provide you with a large container that holds about 4 L 1 gal and has a small amount of preservative in it. Urinate into a smaller, clean container, and then pour the urine into the large container.
Avoid touching the inside of the container with your fingers. Keep the large container in the refrigerator during the collection period. Urinate for the final time at or just before the end of the hour period. Add this urine to the large container, and write down the time. Avoid getting toilet paper, pubic hair, stool feces , menstrual blood, or other foreign matter in the urine sample. How It Feels There is no discomfort in collecting a urine sample.
Risks There is no chance for problems in collecting a urine sample. Results A urine test checks different components of urine, a waste product made by the kidneys. Urine test results Colour Normal: Pale to dark yellow Abnormal: Many foods and medicines can affect the colour of the urine. Clarity Normal: Clear Abnormal: Cloudy urine can be caused by pus white blood cells , blood red blood cells , sperm, bacteria, yeast, crystals, mucus, or a parasite infection, such as trichomoniasis.
Odour Normal: Slightly "nutty" odour Abnormal: Some foods such as asparagus , vitamins, and antibiotics such as penicillin can cause urine to have a different odour.
Specific gravity Normal: 1. Protein Normal: None Abnormal: Protein in the urine may mean that kidney damage, an infection, cancer, high blood pressure , diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus SLE , or glomerulonephritis is present.
Ketones Normal: None Abnormal: Ketones in the urine can mean uncontrolled diabetes, a very low-carbohydrate diet, starvation or eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia , alcohol use disorder , or poisoning from drinking rubbing alcohol isopropanol.
Microscopic analysis Normal: Very few or no red or white blood cells or casts are seen. Abnormal: Red blood cells in the urine may be caused by kidney or bladder injury, kidney stones , a urinary tract infection UTI , inflammation of the kidneys glomerulonephritis , a kidney or bladder tumour, or systemic lupus erythematosus SLE.
Volume Normal: —2, millilitres mL per 24 hours. What Affects the Test Reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include: If you are having your menstrual period. Taking medicines, such as diuretics, erythromycin, trimethoprim, or high doses of vitamin C ascorbic acid taken with an antibiotic , such as tetracycline.
Having an X-ray test with contrast material in the past 3 days. Not getting the urine sample to the lab in 1 hour. What To Think About Some urine tests can be done using a home test kit. Ketones Other substances that may be checked during a urine test include: Bilirubin.
This is a substance formed by the breakdown of red blood cells. It is passed from the body in stool. Bilirubin is not found in urine. If it is present, it often means that the liver is damaged or that the flow of bile from the gallbladder is blocked. For more information, see the topic Bilirubin. New dipstick tests don't just reveal that a substance exists in the urine; they also estimate how much of the substance is there.
If there are large amounts of glucose, protein, or red blood cells, it is a warning that something is wrong.
Urinalysis also includes examining a small amount of urine under a microscope. Some of the things that may be seen in a microscope include: Red blood cells, which may be a sign of kidney diseases that damage the filtering units of the kidneys, allowing blood cells to leak into the urine. Blood in the urine may also be a sign of problems such as kidney stones, infections, bladder cancer or a blood disorder like sickle cell disease.
White blood cells are a sign of an infection or inflammation in the kidneys, bladder or another area. Bacteria is usually a sign of an infection in the body. Normal urine does not contain bacteria.
Crystals that are formed from chemicals in the urine. If they become large enough, they form kidney stones. Urinalysis doesn't answer all the questions about your health.
It provides a clue. In fact, it can lead to more tests to understand what is happening. Protein in the urine is a sign of kidney disease. But a normal urinalysis does not guarantee that you do not have chronic kidney disease. Some people will not release a significant amount of protein early in a disease process. Or, they may release protein only occasionally, so it is missed by a single urine sample.
In someone who has ingested large amounts of water, making larger amounts of urine, small quantities of chemicals may be undetectable.
How should I collect and store a pee urine sample? You should: collect your pee urine sample in a completely clean sterile container store it in a fridge in a sealed plastic bag if you can't hand it in straight away Collecting a urine sample Your doctor or another healthcare professional should give you a container and explain how you should collect the urine sample. To collect a urine sample you should: label a sterile, screw-top container with your name, date of birth and the date wash your hands start to pee and collect a sample of urine "mid-stream" in the container screw the lid of the container shut wash your hands thoroughly Follow any other instructions your doctor has given you.
What is a mid-stream urine sample? This reduces the risk of the sample being contaminated with bacteria from: your hands the skin around the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body Storing a urine sample If you can't hand your urine sample in within 1 hour, you should put the container in a sealed plastic bag then store it in the fridge at around 4C.
What urine samples are used for? Urine tests are most commonly done to check: for infections — such as a urinary tract infection UTI or some sexually transmitted infections STIs such as chlamydia in men if you are passing any protein in your urine as a result of kidney damage — this is known as an ACR test Find out more about operations, tests and procedures.
Further information How should I collect and store a sample of poo stool sample?
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