Sio and his nine siblings grew up in an Auckland suspicious of Pacific Islanders. Racism was overt, recalls Sio, and the mids saw the beginning of dawn raids where police stormed the homes of Pacific Islanders accused of overstaying their visas.
Samoan and Tongan families were singled out. But at night he still dreams of Samoa: of walking to the bridge near his home after Sunday lunch to go swimming. Follow Guardian Cities on Twitter , Facebook and Instagram to join the discussion, and explore our archive here.
Yes': Jacinda Ardern wades into New Zealand racism debate. Migrating here, and away from the Samoan custom of parcelling out children to relatives, was simply the only way she could keep her family together.
The beautiful and determined Iliganoa, as her first born son Lelei likes to tell it, had married a dashing young immigration officer from Apia, LeLaulu Nonu Tuisamoa, despite her father threatening to shoot him, right up to the wedding day. They had four children in quick succession, but under the informal adoption customs, Iliganoa kept only Lelei, while the other three children were adopted out Samoan style to close relatives - some, unfortunately,living not so close to Papauta.
Taking her children back in Samoa would have been traumatic for all concerned, so Iliganoa hatched a cunning plan: she would move her family to New Zealand. She came to Auckland, and lined up a job cooking and cleaning and looking after the two children of a Remuera family. The job came with room and board, which enabled her, in , to return to Samoa and drag her eldest on to a DC3 for the circuitous flight from Apia to Whenuapai via Suva and Norfolk Island.
He was duly enrolled in Remuera Primary School, where there was only one other Samoan boy to disturb the elegant decorum of the suburb. Stage two of Iliganoa's plan saw the arrival of her parents, with her second-born son in tow. This involved the renting of a house in inner city Newton, so they could all stay together. In short order, my sisters turned up in their FOB [fresh off the boat] glory in the company of relatives.
Maori hadn't yet migrated to the cities, and a de facto "white New Zealand" immigration policy that favoured British immigrants ensured that Auckland and the rest of the country continued to look like an outpost of Britain. Pacific people had been travelling to New Zealand and occasionally settling here since the early 19th century, but they remained largely invisible. Most married into Pakeha and Maori families and were absorbed into those communities.
It was the post-war migration wave, which began in earnest in the s and intensified in the s and s that finally gave Auckland its Pacific face. The country needed workers for its burgeoning industry and service sectors, and there were too many dirty jobs a self-respecting British immigrant or Kiwi wasn't prepared to do. Inevitably, the search for labour was extended to New Zealand's Pacific "territories": the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau - whose inhabitants were New Zealand citizens with automatic rights of entry - and Western Samoa, which had been under New Zealand administration since It was a marriage of convenience.
With few opportunities at home and education the preserve of the high-ranking or well-off afakasi half-caste families who could afford to travel to New Zealand, many islanders in search of good jobs and good schools for themselves and their children had little choice but to emigrate. Analytics Analytics. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc.
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The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The first is changes in immigration policy in New Zealand in and The second is events in the Pacific, especially the military coups d'etat in Fiji in The third is the systematic State-led restructuring of New Zealand's economy over the decade to — a restructuring which has decimated the industries which have employed large numbers of Pacific Islanders since the s.
Sources of data. Unlike the situation which prevails throughout continental Europe, New Zealand's customs and immigration officials still collect arrival and departure cards from every. These cards provide a continuous data base on international migration, and remain the major source of information on migration to and from New Zealand. In recent years. Defining migrant populations The most serious change, which has implications for the analysis of Pacific Island migration in this paper, was made in when the question on birthplace was deleted in order to create more space on the cards for visa data.
It is now not possible to define immigrant populations on the basis of birthplace which is the preferred reference point in most migration studies. A further problem which arises from the decision to delete the birthplace question is that it is now impossible to link the international arrival and departure data with the information collected in New Zealand's quinquennial Census of Population and Dwellings. This problem is highlighted here because both international arrival and departure data, as well as census data, are used in this paper to explore aspects of recent migration from the Pacific Islands to New Zealand.
When examining net migration gains and losses it is necessary to use nationality as a reference point to define the different migrant populations. Nationality, or citizenship, is less satisfactory than birthplace for a number of reasons which have been detailed elsewhere Bedford, ; Bedford and Gibson, It is sufficient to note here that because arrivals in and departures from New Zealand can be citizens of more than one country, there is the potential for some confusion in the analysis of net migration figures.
A classic example of this confusion relates to the migration of French citizens to and from New Zealand in the year ended March In this year, there were unexpectedly high net migration gains to New Zealand from two French colonies in the Pacific: French Polynesia net gain of 1, and New Caledonia 1, In the same year there was a much higher net loss than usual of French citizens from New Zealand to France -2, These net gains and losses can only be accounted for by the movement through New Zealand of people who are citizens of French colonies in the Pacific.
A further point, which needs to be mentioned with regard to data obtained from arrival and departure cards, is the problem of sampling error. Since the late s the New Zealand Department of Statistics now known as Statistics New Zealand has coded a sample of the cards completed by short- term visitors entering and leaving the country. All of the cards completed by people intending to stay longer than 12 months are coded, but only an average of 10 per cent per year of the other cards are coded Statistics New Zealand, The resultant sampling error is not particularly problematic when numbers of arrivals and departures in excess of 10, per year are involved.
In the case of migration to New Zealand from the Pacific Islands, the problem of sampling error becomes acute when analysing flows from many of the smaller countries in the central and northern Pacific. It is necessary, therefore, to interpret the statistics on net migration from this part of the Pacific with caution. The most recent census was held on 5 March Data relating to particular ethnic and birth-.
Pacific Island descent Populations, This population does not equal the sum of specific descent groups. See explanation in text. Source: Satistics New Zealand and The census question on ethnic origin allows respondents to specify more than one ethnic category e. In this paper the populations of Pacific Island ethnicity which have been identified are descent populations which include all of the people specifying a particular ethnic category.
The major descent populations referred to are shown in Table 1. Specific ethnic descent populations cannot be added together to produce a total Pacific Island descent population because some people will be counted in more than one ethnic group.
For example, any person who indicated that their ethnic origin was both Samoan and Cook Island Maori would be counted in both of the Samoan descent and the Cook Island Maori descent populations. The total Pacific Island descent population of , in March includes all people who specified at least one indigenous Pacific Island ethnic category. It does not include people of Chinese, Indian or European descent unless they also specified an indigenous Pacific ethnic category.
The ethnic descent populations comprise two major birthplace groups: those born outside New Zealand and the great majority of these people were born in a Pacific Island country , and those born in New Zealand. These two components of the descent populations are shown in Table 1. It is. It is still common for New Zealanders to assume that people of Pacific Island descent in New Zealand are "immigrants".
In fact, more than half of some of the descent populations resident in New Zealand in were born in this country Table 1.
The main reason for this is an official concern over illegal immigration or "overstaying", as it is more commonly known locally. Using census survival techniques, it has been demonstrated that the island-born components of the Samoan and Tongan descent populations were underenumerated in the Census of Population and Dwellings Bedford, This was related to a concerted effort by immigration officials and the police to identify and deport Pacific Island "overstayers" in and Recent preliminary analysis of net migration gains and losses to island-born Pacific populations in New Zealand, using census data for and , suggests that there may have been some undere-.
This problem does not affect the analysis conducted in this paper, but it is mentioned because the total island-born Sa-. Migration from the pacific, Between April and March there was a net migration gain to New Zealand of around 27, people who were citizens of island countries in the Pacific Table 2.
Just over half of this net gain 15, came from countries in the western Pacific or Melanesia. The remaining 12, came from New Zealand's traditional sources of Pacific Island immigrants in Polynesia. There was a small net migration loss of around to the island countries in Micronesia. As noted earlier, the small figures for migration to and from island countries in the northern Pacific need to be interpreted with caution because of sampling error.
Three countries contributed almost all of the net gain from the Pacific Islands during the eight years ending on March 31 Table 2. The largest single contribution 12, came from citizens of Fiji, especially Indians who left after the military coups in Western Samoa, which has been the major contributor to growth in New Zealand's immigrant population from the Pacific since the early s, made a. This reflects a shift in recent Myears to net losses to New Zealand of Western Samoa's citizens — the first net losses recorded since the migration of Samoans to New Zealand commenced Table 2.
Migration from the third major contributor, Tonga, added around 4, to New Zealand's population during the eight years. In common with the situation relating to Western Samoa, there has been a shift towards net losses of Tongan citizens during the early s Table 2. It is clear from data presented in Table 2 and from the graphs in Figure 1 that there have been some major changes in patterns of immigration to New Zealand from Pacific Island countries in recent years. The year ended March marks something of a watershed; there was a significant increase in numbers of arrivals from the region in this year and a commensurate increase in net migration gains to New 'Zealand.
However, the much larger net gains from Polynesia and Melanesia were relatively shortlived. By net losses, rather than net gains, were being recorded each year for.
Table 2. Net migration gains and losses, Pacific Island citizens, 1 april - 31 march Source: Statistics New Zealand, unpublished international migration tables. The late s represents a period of substantial immigration to New Zealand from the Pacific Islands after a decade of relatively modest net gains Bedford, The early s, on the other hand, has seen a rather novel development in New Zealand's international migration statistics.
The sustained net losses of citizens of island countries in Polynesia are unprecedented. Firstly, there is the population of Pacific Island citizens whose countries of usual residence are island states in Oceania.
Secondly, there is the population of Pacific Island citizens whose country of usual residence is New Zealand.
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